sci应避免悬垂修饰(主语不一致)。动词短语如分词短语、不定式短语、动名词短语以及省略主语的从句做修饰语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语要一致(即相同、统一)，避免出现悬垂修饰，指句中修饰语的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，即修饰语与句子主语无相关性。但可以使用独立结构成分，它是位于句首用来修饰整个句子而不是句中某个部分的修饰成分，完全独立，其形式不受句中任何部分所制约。
1、悬垂分词
●using our method to establish bi-level optimization model of robust design，the preferences of f and δf are given in table 1.
●referring to eq.(12) and eq.(14)，the overall power output from batteries pb can be shown as follows.
两句中的现在分词using和referring的主语指人(作者)，与句子的主语preferences和output不是同指，形成悬垂分词修饰。句一可改为：using our method to establish bi-level optimization model of robust design，we give the preferences of f and δf in table 1. 句二可改为：referring to eq.(12)and eq.(14)，we can express the overall power output from batteriespb as follows.
●comparing to ant colonyoptimization(aco)，max-min ant system(mmas) has three differences as follows.
此句中的现在分词comparing为悬垂分词，若改为过去分词compared，则分词的主语与句子的主语max-minant system就一致了，避免了悬垂分词修饰。
●when confronted with these limitations，the experiments were discontinued.
此句中的过去分词confronted的主语指人，与句子的主语experiments不是同指，形成悬垂分词修饰。可改为：when confronted with these limitations，we discontinued the experiments.
“based on”是英文表达中常用的短语，使用不当会出现悬垂分词修饰。例如：
●based on fast corresponding，a general requirement modeling methodis proposed.
此句虽不存在悬垂修饰，但based on使用不当。此短语只限于修饰与其紧邻的先行词，故此句表示成了“based on…”修饰“…method”，即“…method based on…”，与本意“basedon…”修饰“…is proposed”相违背。可改为：on the basis of fast corresponding，a general requirement modeling methodis proposed. 或改为：a general requirement modeling methodis proposed based on fast corresponding.
●so based on constitutive equations，the investigation of lead-free soldered joints properties under thermal loading become a major concern.
此句错将“based on…”表示成修饰“the investigation…”，与本意修饰“become”相违背)。可改为：so，on the basis of constitutive equations，the investigation of lead-free soldered joints properties under thermal loading become a major concern. 但不可改为：so the investigation of lead-freesoldered joints properties under thermal loading become a major concern based on constitutive equations. 这样修改后，“based on…”就修饰concern了。
●based on customer requirements，we make the modularization configuration，establish the semantic network description of configuration knowledge and gain the product structure tree that satisfies the customer requirements.
此句based on的主语与句子的主语we不一致，形成悬垂分词修饰，可将basedon改为basingour decision on.
●based on the fuzziness of design process，the open-loop rigidity reasoning systems that are primarily logic reasoning are expanded to the recursive close-loop flexible reasoning systems to revise the reasoning results based onpractical instance.
此句第一个based on使用不当，改为on the basis of即可。
2. 悬垂不定式
●to demonstratethe proposed method，thedesignof the two-bar structure acted by concentrated load is presented.
●to overcome the deficiencies in the methods of gaining anddescribing the requirement information，a requirement information cell(ric)method for describing general requirement information is investigated.
两句中不定式短语“todemonstrate…”和“to overcome…”分别修饰句子的主语design和method，但demonstrate，overcome的逻辑主语应该是人，而不是design，method，都形成悬垂不定式修饰。第一句可改为：to demonstratethe proposed method，we presented the design of the two-bar structure acted by concentrated load. 第二句可改为：to overcome the deficiencies in the methods of gaining and describing the requirement information，we investigated a requirement information cell (ric) method for describing general requirement information.
3. 悬垂动名词
●afterdeterminingthe mapping ofaifroml1tolp，the next arraydimensioncan be processed in the same way.
此句介词after引导的是带有动名词determining的修饰性短语，此短语的主语应是句子的主语dimension，但dimension无法执行determining这个行为，形成悬垂动名词修饰。可改为：after determining the mapping of ai from l1 to lp，we can process the next array dimension in the same way.
4. 悬垂省略主语的从句
●when developing a new product，right knowledge maybe got from repository or expert by designers.
此句逗号前面的部分为省略主语designers的从句，被省略的这个主语与逗号后面的主句的主语rightknowledge不一致，形成悬垂省略主语的从句修饰。可改为：when developing a new product，designers can getright knowledge from repository or expert. 或改为：when designers develop a new product，they can getright knowledge from repository or expert. 或改为：when designers develop a new product，rightk nowledge can be gotten from repository or expert.
●when simple，we can solve this type of problem quickly using the direct method.
此句的when simple是省略主语this type of problem的从句，被省略的这个主语与主句的主语we不一致，形成悬垂省略主语的从句修饰。可改为：whensimple，this type of problemcanbe solved quickly by using the direct method.
5. 独立结构成分
●when necessary，the solutions were deaerated by bubbling nitrogen.
●judging from the spectral changes，exhaustivephotolysis of compound 4 had occurred.
●assuming that distancedis induced by the norm，mis asymmetrical and positively defined matrix.
在中，独立结构成分中经常出现的引导性词有assuming，taking，concerning，considering，failing，given，judging，provided，providing，regarding等。
对于非英语母语的中国科研工作者，发表论文时在语言上的弱势是不可避免的。投必得学术致力于与免费与大家分享科研干货，致力与为中国科研事业服务。
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